SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that targets mitochondria by binding cardiolipin on the inner membrane.
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that targets mitochondria by binding cardiolipin on the inner membrane. Also called MTP-131 and Bendavia, it concentrates over 1,000-fold in mitochondria to stabilize cristae, improve electron transport, reduce ROS, and support ATP synthesis. The sequence is D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2. In 2025, elamipretide received FDA accelerated approval as Forzinity for Barth syndrome. Researchers use SS-31 peptide to study mitochondrial dysfunction, aging, heart, muscle, and oxidative stress. Injection-site reactions are the most reported effect in trials. High-purity SS-31 is available for laboratory research only.